Penyakit Gout

PENYAKIT GOUT

Penyakit Gout adalah satu keadaan di mana pesakit-pesakit mengalami radang sendi (arthritis). Ianya disebabkan oleh paras asid urik yang terlalu tinggi.  Keadaan ini dikenali sebagai " hiperurisemia ".

Paras asid urik yang  tinggi dikaitkan dengan usia, berat badan yang berlebihan, penyakit kencing manis, tekanan darah tinggi dan juga permakanan.  Kadang kala, seorang itu mewarisi penyakit gout dari keluarga mereka (genetik).

Penyakit Gout terjadi apabila kristal-kristal asid urik berkumpul di bahagian sendi, otot dan tulang, mengakibatkan radang dan sakit yang mengejut.  Biasanya bermula hanya pada satu sendi, terutamanya ibu jari kaki.  Sendi yang terjejas juga akan menjadi bengkak, merah dan sakit jika dipegang.

Rawatan awal adalah penahan sakit.  Jika sakit  yang berlebihan,  ubat penahan sakit boleh diberi dalam bentuk suntikan di bahagian sendi yang terjejas.

Rawatan jangka panjang radang sendi adalah melalui sejenis ubat iaitu " Allupurinol ".  Ia bertindak dengan mengurangkan penghasilan dan meningkatkan pembuangan asid urik yang berlebihan.

Penjagaan permakanan juga boleh mengurangkan paras asid urik.  Purin adalah sejenis protein yang menghasilkan  asid urik di dalam darah.  Oleh itu, penghidap penyakit gout perlu mengamalkan permakanan rendah purin.

ELAKKAN MEMAKAN :

• Organ-organ haiwan seperti hati dan jantung.
• Ikan kecil seperti ikan bilis dan sardin.
• Bubuk, cincaluk, belacan, udang dan kerang-kerangan.
• Minuman yang mengandungi banyak " caffeine " seperti kola dan kopi.
• Makanan mengandungi gula yang tinggi seperti gula-gula dan coklat.

PESAKIT GOUT JUGA PATUT MENGURANGKAN :

• Makanan yang berminyak dan berlemak seperti yang  mengandungi susu kelapa dan gula.
• makanan yang tinggi kandungan protein seperti ikan dan daging - kurangkan kepada satu hidangan, dua kali sehari. 
• Makanan yang mengandungi kacang seperti dhal, kacang tanah,sayur kacang, dan  produk kacang soya - kurangkan kepada sekali seminggu.

Minum air yang mencukupi, melakukan kegiatan  fizikal 

dan mengambil ubat yang bersesuaian  

boleh mengurangkan terjadinya "  hiperurisemia " dan penyakit gout.

Sumber: Terima kasih atas nasihat [Pusat Promosi Kesihatan,Kementerian Kesihatan,BSB]

Keberkesanan Vitamin C

KEBERKESANAN VITAMIN C

DENGAN MENGAMBIL LEBIH VITAMIN C:::::[Legakan Sakit Tulang Belakang...]

Pakar perubatan Amerika berpendapat kesakitan pada bahagian belakang boleh dilegakan dengan pengambilan 
 VITAMIN C

Keberkesanan Vitamin C telah dikenalpasti sejak berpuluh tahun yang lalu yang mana ia mampu melegakan kesejukan, selsema, alergi dan asma.  Dalam kajian yang lain menunjukkan Vitamin C juga mampu melegakan penyakit tulang belakang serta boleh mengurangkan rasa sakit ketika pembedahan dijalankan.

Menurutnya lagi Vitamin C juga memainkan peranan penting dalam menyembuhkan tisu-tisu tubuh yang luka atau rosak.  Pembedahan bukanlah cara terbaik untuk mengurangkan sakit tulang belakang.  Kombinasi Vitamin C dan latihan jasmani yang ringkas merupakan cara terbaik untuk mengubati sakit tulang belakang.

Menurut pengalamannya lagi selama beberapa tahun ia mengidap sakit belakang, ia mengambil 500 gram Vitamin C sebanyak tiga kali sehari dan melakukan latihan ringan. Lama kelamaan keadaannya menjadi semakin baik dan akhirnya ia pun sembuh.

Menurutnya lagi salah satu keajaiban yang ada pada Vitamin C ialah sebanyak  mana pun kita mengambilnya, ia tidak memudaratkan, cuma kadangkala akan berlaku cirit birit, itu pun dapat diatasi dengan mengurangi pengambilannya.

Kajian juga menunjukkan pengambilan Vitamin C juga bukan sahaja membantu membaiki tisu yang rosak tetapi juga boleh membaiki otot-otot yang tercedera ketika melakukan senaman aerobik.  Vitamin C yang terdiri daripada asid askobik berfungsi sebagai penyatu tisu-tisu tubuh dan juga digunakan oleh sel darah putih untuk menghalang terjadinya jangkitan.

Pakar-pakar menasihatkan supaya pengambilannya antara 750 gram hingga 2000 gram sehari.  Ini dapat membantu mengekalkan tisu, menguatkan sendi dan tulang-tulang disamping mengekalkan kedudukan ruas tulang belakang itu sendiri.  Mereka juga menasihatkan sesiapa yang mengidap sakit tulang belakang supaya segera berjumpa doktor dan meminta nasihat bagaimana pengambilan Vitamin C harus dilakukan.

Kepimpinan Dan Pemimpin

KEPIMPINAN DAN PEMIMPIN

 

 

SEORANG PEMIMPIN PERLU BELAJAR DAN BERKEMBANG::::: [Mencapai tahap kejayaan....]

PEMIMPIN  memang wajar bersikap demikian. Sebagai seorang pemimpin sama ada pemimpin dalam sabuah organisasi, keluarga, pasukan dan apa saja.... Perkara yang utama ialah matlamat pimpinan anda, kemana ia di arahkan; tentu sekali kepada kejayaan.  Untuk itu keyakinan diri dan kemampuan anda adalah pendorong kepada langkah selanjutnya untuk mencapai matlamat paling terbaru.

Oleh kerana pengaruh kepimpinan anda, orang yang di bawah pimpinan meletakkan harapan mereka kepada anda. Sanggupkah anda mengabaikannya?... Belajar dan berkembang adalah resepi yang terbaik untuk anda berbangga dengan kepimpinan anda.

Penjimatan Tenaga::Pandu Bijak

PENJIMATAN TENAGA :: PANDU BIJAK

Pada umumnya penjimatan petrol dapat dibuat apabila berurusan disekitar kawasan berhampiran. Dengan menggunakan basikal atau berjalan kaki penjimatan tenaga sangat berkesan , tambahan pula ia bolih menyihatkan badan .

Amatlah bijak jika memandu dalam keadaan yang baik dan selamat kerana ia menjana penjimatan tenaga. Selain itu  harus dipastikan :

• Barang-barang disimpan di but yang membebani kereta hendaklah ditinggalkan jika tidak diperlukan, dengan itu ia bolih mengurangkan bahan bakar kereta berkenaan.
• Tekanan udara dalam tayar mencukupi kerana ia memberi kesan yang besar kepada jarak perjalanan kereta.
• Perlahankan pecutan  dengan rpm yang enjin yang rendah.
• Pandu dengan kelajuan yang tetap kerana ia adalah teknik yang penting.
• Kereta bergerak secara inersia (meluncur) dan memindahkan kaki dari alat pemecut dalam jarak 70 meter sabelum berhenti.
• Mematikan enjin ketika kereta berhenti  untuk menunggu.
• Selaraskan suhu dan kelajuan kipas alat hawa dingin.
• Gunakan penahan cahaya matahari dan letak kereta ditempat yang teduh dan terlindung.  Turunkan cermin untuk mengeluarkan udara panas sabelum menghidupkan enjin kereta.

Health For Children

HEALTH FOR CHILDREN

 

YOUR CHILD MAY NOT KNOW THIS::::[So it`s up to you]

It`s up to you to take care of your child nutritional needs. Planning a balanced meal ensures that your child gets necessary nutrients for normal body function.

VITAMIN A is for good vision and healthy hair, skin and nails.
Food sources : milk, eggs,  vegetables and fruits.

VITAMIN B helps regulate nervous system.
Food sources : Lean meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grain bread and cereals.

VITAMIN C is for healthy gums, increases resistance to infection.
Food sources : Citrus fruits, tomato.

VITAMIN D keeps bones and teeth strong.
Food sources: egg yolk, vitamin D fortified milk and liver oil.

VITAMIN E keeps bloods cell healthy.
Food sources : vegetables oil, wheat whole grain.

IRON transports oxygen in the blood.
Food sources : Liver, meat, green leafy vegetables.

ZINC combats the effects of air pollution.
Food sources : Red meat, seafood, whole grain products.

CHOLINE ensures correct functioning of liver.
Food souces : Seafood, iodized salt.

MAGNESIUM develops good muscle relaxation.
Food source: Red meat, nuts, green leafy vegetables.

Being aware of these needs find first step to fight infection and ensure your child healthy growth by advanced diet. You may supplement your child`s diet with multi vitamins and minerals.

Kemungkinan Anak Anda Tidak Mengetahuinya

KEMUNGKINAN ANAK ANDA TIDAK MENGETAHUINYA

Terpulang kepada anda untok memberi perhatian kepada keperluan pemakanan mereka.

Merancang satu pemakanan yang seimbang bagi memastikan anak anda memperolehi khasiat yang perlu untuk fungsi-fungsi tubuh yang normal dan SIHAT.

• VITAMIN A - Untuk penglihatan yang baik dan rambut, kulit dan kuku yang sihat. >Sumber makanan - Susu,telur,sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan.

• VITAMIN B - Membantu mengawal sistem urat saraf .>  Sumber makanan - Daging tanpa lemak, sayur  berdaun hijau, bijirin dan roti `whole grain`.

• VITAMIN C -  Untuk gusi yang sihat, meningkatkan penentangan kepada jangkitan.> Sumber makanan - Buah sitrus, tomato, limau, oren...

• VITAMIN D - Memelihara dan menguatkan tulang dan gigi.>  Sumber makanan - Kuning telur, susu yang diperkukuhkan dengan vitamin D

•  VITAMIN E - Menjadikan sel darah sihat.> Sumber makanan - minyak sayuran, gandum.

• IRON - Mengangkut oksigen didalam darah. > Sumber makanan - Hati, daging, sayur berdaun hijau.

• ZINC - Memerangi kesan pencemaran udara. >Sumber makanan - Makanan laut, produk `whole grain` .

• CHOLINE - Memastikan hati berfungsi dengan betul.>  Sumber makanan - Telur, hati, kacang soya...

• IODINE - Membantu pengawalan metabolisma (proses perubahan makanan kepada jirim hidup dalam tubuh).> Sumber makanan - makanan laut

• MAGNESIUM - Memajukan kerehatan otot yang baik.  Sumber makanan - Daging merah, sayuran berdaun hijau.

Satelah mengetahui keperluan -keperluan ini sudah tentu anda  mahu memastikan anak anda berkembang dengan SIHAT dengan pemakanan yang seimbang. Anda boleh saja menambah pemakanan anak anda dengan berbagai vitamin dan zat galian.

Pure Air

PURE AIR

What we can`t see can hurt us.

The facts are frightening.

Indoors, we INHALE thousands of potentially harmful airborne particles

such as:

• Common household dust
• Dust mite faeces
• Tobacco smoke
• Cooking smoke
• Lead dust
• Paint pigments
• Pollen
• Hair spray
• Bacteria
• Auto emissions
• formaldehyde
• Mould
• Skin flakes
• Fungi
• Animal hair

All above require a comprehensive system to do a superior job of keeping our AIR free of dirt and disease and to ensure that we can breath easy and much healthier.

It has never been so easy removing harmful substances from our AIR.

• Nosebleeds

• Coughing

• Wheezing

• Fever

• Chills

• Lethargy

• Fatigue

• Rashes

• Hearing loss

• Muscles aches

• Nasal congestion

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• ...........

These are amongst the symptoms directly attributable to indoor pollutions.

Contribution to such symptoms above is by removing the harmful airborne particles around us.

In 1998 a study by the World Health Organization found that biological air contaminants in indoor AIR had been associated with half of all absenteeism and significantly reduced worker efficiency. It is well recognized that commercial, industrial and hospital AIR conditioning ducting can be a major source of infection and re-infection in public and private buildings.

Processes Of Digestion,Absorption And Metabolism

PROCESSES OF DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM

The FOODS eaten by humans are chemically complex. They must be broken down by the BODY into simpler  chemical forms so that they can be taken in through the INTESTINAL WALLS and transported by the BLOOD to the CELLS.  There they provide ENERGY and the correct  BUILDING materials to maintain human life.

(nutritionalmanac)

Safety Of Hospital Windows And Shutters

SAFETY OF HOSPITAL WINDOWS AND SHUTTERS

• WINDOWS have wind and sun protection devices (e.g.SUN BAFFLES).

• WINDOWS have features to secure the safety of the patient (e.g.GRILLES).

• GRILLES to secure the SAFETY of the patient, provided with FIRE EXIT OPENING or FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM.

• WINDOWS are LEAK-PROOF 

• WINDOWS, which, because of their physical configuration or design and the materials used in their CONSTRUCTION, could be mistaken for DOORS, made inaccessible to the occupants by BARRIERS or RAILINGS

• PLASTIC LAMINATED WINDOWS.

Safety Of Hospital Doors And Entrances

SAFETY OF HOSPITAL DOORS AND ENTRANCES

• Wind resistant and fire resistant DOOR

• Conformed with Fire Code of the latest edition

• With manual DOOR CLOSER - Operating Room, Intensive Care Unit, Recovery Room, Delivery Room, Labor Room Isolation Rooms and other sterile areas.

• DOORS securely attached to jambs.

In the event of power failure, POWER-OPERATED DOORS may be opened manually to permit exit travel.

• Main DOORS are DOUBLE SWING, IN/OUT GLASS/STEEL DOORS; FIRE EXIT DOOR.

• Each single DOOR with a width of not less than 112cm. and not more than 122cm.

• FIRE EXIT DOORS fire resistive; swing - out type; with self enclosing device; PANIC BAR HARDWARE.:
• BATHROOM - swing out.
• ER - swing in and out.
• All DOORS.
• AUTOMATIC DOORS should have a manual override. 

•   DOORS in room below 50 persons occupant load capacity- SINGLE DOOR - 112 cm wide.
• DOORS in rooms more than 50 persons occupant load capacity (CONFERENCE ROOMS, FUNCTION ROOMS), 112cm wide, remotely located from each other, swing out.
• SMOKE PARTITION DOORS are double swing, along hallways and corridors, per groups of rooms/section, for compartmentation purposes.
• Any GLASS PANEL in DOORS is transparent wired glass mounted in steel frames. suitably sealed against SMOKE,HEAT and FIRE.
• LOCKS installed on SLEEPING ROOMS so arranged that they can be  locked only from the corridors side.  Such LOCKS arranged to permit exit from room by a simple operation without the use of KEY.
• Any device or ALARM installed to restrict the improper use of a means of egress so designed and installed that it cannot, even in case of failure, impede or prevent EMERGENCY used of such means of egress.
• A DOOR designed to be kept normally closed as a means of egress, such as a DOOR to a stair or horizontal exit, provided with a reliable self - closing mechanism, and shall not at any time be secured in the open position.  A DOOR designed to be kept normally closed shall bear a sign as follows: FIRE EXIT, KEEP DOOR CLOSED.

Genuine Parts

GENUINE PARTS

Most overhaul kits look pretty similar.  They have the same shape and appear to be made of the same material, the only obvious difference is the price.  So what makes a genuine kit worth more than the ``will fit`` competition?  Extensive testing and stress analysis show significant differences in design and manufacturing.  Close examination proves that genuine kit parts will last longer and perform better - making them the best value for your next overhaul.

Of course, the biggest difference is the company that stands behind its product.  Every genuine kit is fully warranted for materials and workmanship for up to 3 years.  So you can look forward to many more years of dependable, durable service from your machine with complete confidence.

Help Facilitate The Difficult

HELP FACILITATE THE DIFFICULT

Sweet FAITH:

`` From Abu Hurairah Radiallahuanhu he said: `The Prophet Peace Be Upon Him : And anyone who helps ease the difficulty, Allah Subhanahu Wata` ala will make it easier in the world and the hereafter. Allah Subahanahu Waa `ala  helps His slave as long as he wants  to help his brother. ``


(Narrated by Al-Imam Muslim).

Guidelines : Hospital Development-part I

GUIDELINES FOR DISTRICT HOSPITAL DEVELOPMENT : (Part I)

(These informations are collected during Briefing in MOH, and share with  friends which their fields related to this, hopefully this is as an aid to our existing knowledges.)


Introduction :
Essential  health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and  technologies made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.

Multidisciplinary team approach must be capable of drawing up plans that will ensure :

• maximum utilization of space
• provision of easy movement of people and materials
• to allow for possible future expansion
• economical methods of construction using local manpower and materials, while at the same time maximizing the benefits of the latest technological developments.

The main objectives for the guidelines :

1. To present an overview of the complex planning and design process, to guide the hospital planning team.
2. To present in a concise form basic data and information that are important in the planning process, to serve as checklist.
3. To provide guidelines for the selection of equipment relevant to district hospitals and for their maintenance.
4. To help develop national capabilities and expertise in planning and designing district hospitals, and in selecting and maintaining medical and associated equipment.

Safe Ceiling And Roofing For Hospital

SAFETY OF HOSPITAL CEILING AND ROOFING

• Concrete CEILING have no cracks and leaks.

• Drop CEILING made of materials other than concrete securely fastened.

• CEILING or LIGHT FIXTURES adequately fastened and supported.

• Made of FIRE RESISTANT CEILING materials.

• Underside of ARCHES, BALCONIES or OVERHANGS free from STRUCTURAL CRACKS and falling cement plasters.

• Other fixtures such as CEILING LINER properly fastened or attached.

• ROOFING system designed to withstand wind velocity (175-250Kph).

• ROOFING materials completely and securely fastened, welded, riveted, or cemented.

• ROOFING leak proof, water proof storm drainage system with adequate capacity and properly maintained.

• ROOFING - insulated, sound proof.

• ROOFING type of  material, slope, type of connection, condition,  thickness at least gauge 24 or 26 to be considered.

• ROOFING regional location. ( e.g.  in  areas where always heavy rain,  it should be heavily fastened or anchored).

Site And Accessibility of Safe Hospital

SITE AND ACCESSIBILITY OF SAFE HOSPITAL

• A hospital shall be located along/ near good roads and adequate means of transportation.
• A hospital shall be so located that it is readily, accessible to the community and reasonably free from undue noise, smoke, dust, foul door, flood, and shall not be located adjacent to railroads, freight yards, children`s playgrounds, airports, industrial plants, disposal plants.
• The location of a hospital shall comply with all local zoning  ordinances.
• There shall be no obstructions to the roads leading to the hospital.
• There should be access to more than one road (alternative routes).
• There should be separate ingress and egress routes.
• Well paved access roads should be properly identified/labeled.
• Directional signages are available and properly fastened.
• Corridors, hallways and aisles must be 2.4 meters in width.
• Use of ramps as access to second and higher floors.
• Stairways with safe and adequately secured railings.
• Stairway must  be at least 112 cm. wide, concrete.  Any opening in such wall shall be protected by fire doors or fixed wire glass windows.  It must have protection for vertical openings.
• Any door in a stairway, ramp, elevator shaft, light and ventilation shaft or chute, in a stairway enclosure shall be self-closing, and shall normally be kept closed.
• Outdoor stairs must have enclosed and protected openings.
• Available, safe and well lighted parking lots.
• Available covered walk way, to interconnect service areas.

Fire Safety of Hospitals.

FIRE SAFETY OF HOSPITALS

This article is base on manual guidelines provided during the workshop conducted at MOH with a topic on ``Hospitals Should Be Safe From Disasters - Reduce Risk, Protect Healh Facilities, Save Lives.`` by the Partnership between the Department of Health, World Health Organization, and other members of the sector in Philippine.

• CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:
• Should be  fire resistive, non-combustible construction materials.  Reinforced concrete, concrete products, steel/ metal products, glass, cement board, gypsum boards.

• CEILINGS:
• As much as possible, provision of ceiling is not recommended.  This is due to the fact that ceiling serves as hiding place for rats that gnaws the electrical system and where waste combustible materials are accumulated.  Any concealed space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above shall be fire proof for the full depth of the space along the line of support of the floor or roof structural members.

• DOORS:
• All doors facing hallways/ corridors should be made of fire resisitive materials with self-closing mechanism or equipped with automatic door closer.  Doors should be kept closed but not locked.

• FIRE EXIT DOORS:
• Shall be made of fire resistive materials at least 2 hour fire rating, self-closing  with panic hardware and swinging to the direction of exit travel.  Components should conform to accepted standards and/ or recognized fire test laboratory.  Should be maintained closed but not locked.  Edges should be  suitably sealed, provided with fire resistive door strip and smoke stoppers as protection against smoke, heat and fire.  Doors shall have an adequate opening (width and height) that can accomodate bed lying patients in case of fire or emergencies.  Power assisted door shall be easily operable manually to permit exit travel in case of power failure.

• COMPARTMENTATION:
• Interior walls, partitions on rooms and corridors/ hallways shall reach slab to slab without openings.  Pipe penetrations should be suitably sealed with concrete plastering or approved fire resistive sealant/ collars/ pillows.

• OPENING ON WALLS ALONG CORRIDORS/ HALLWAYS:
• No openings/ windows shall be made on all walls along corridors/ hallways.  Only door openings are allowed provided it is fire resistive door and with self-closing mechanism.

• VERTICALS OPENINGS:
• Shall be protected with at least 4 hours fire resistive construction materials.  Openings shall be provided with self-closing, fire resistive doors/ covers. (e.g. Dumb waiter, garbage chute, linen chute, lifter).
• Pipe penetration against walls and floors shall be suitably sealed with concrete plastering or approved fire resistive sealant/ collars/ pillows.
• Fire exit doors shall be at least 2 hour fire resistive, exit swinging self-closing with panic hardware.  Door components should conform to accepted standards or recognized fire test laboratory.

• INTERIOR RAMPS/ ELEVATORS/ ESCALATORS:
• Shall be protected with approved, pre-designed and engineered automatic fire sprinkler system.
• ICUs, MICUs, NICUs, NURSERY, OPERATING ROOMS, DELIVERY ROOMS: 
• Shall be located preferably on rooms/ areas on the ground floor or street level due to the incapacity of the patients for self-evacuation and the need  for life support system/s equipment.

• SIGNS/ SIGNAGE:
• The building exit sign should be of approved type and strategically located.  Proper exit marking should be provided in order to assist occupants, patients especially visitors that are not familiar where exits/ fire exits are located.
• Signs/ signage shall be made in accordance with the Fire Code Regulations, easily readable from farthest area.  Corner points should be provided with directional arrow to where exits/ fire exits are.
• Rooms shall be provided with FIRE EXIT EVACUATION FLOOR PLAN showing exit routes of the building, to be prominently displayed on doors inside rooms.

• EMERGENCY LIGHTING:
• Rooms, hallways, corridors, stairs, fire exit stairs, lobbies, exit discharge areas and other exit ways shall be provided with portable AC/DC emergency lighting.
• Generators should be equipped with automatic transfer switch with less than ten (10) seconds delay on transfer to automatic operation.

• AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM/ SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
• Automatic fire suppression system (Fire Sprinkler System) shall be provided throughout the building (two storey and above).  Shall be approved with internationally recognized or accepted standard, so installed and continuously maintained in reliable operating condition as to provided complete coverage for all portions of the premises protected.  It must also protect all floor spaces including spaces in every closet and concealed spaces and plenums of certain configuration and construction - particularly where combustible materials are located such as exposed electrical wiring, combustible duct work, and combustible sound/ thermal insulation.
• The system shall be provided with adequate and reliable water supplies as approved by the Bureau of Fire Protection.
• The system shall be provided with a water flow alarm device and interconnected to a fire alarm system and to the control room of the building.
• The system shall be maintained with approved facilities to ensure that it is properly operating.  It shall be electrically connected to a continuously  manned control station or to a fire department headquarters to give automatic notice of any closed water valve or other condition that might interfere with the operation of the system, including but limited to flow of water in the system due to fire or other cause.  Such facilities shall provide  for  immediate alarm to the fire department in case of fire or suspected fire, for appropriate immediate action to restore the sprinkler system to operative condition.

• FIRE PUMPS: 
• Shall be Underwriters Labs/ Factory Mutual (NFPA 2001) listed/ accredited.
• At least 75.0 horsepower on low to medium rise buildings.  Capacity should be increased if it involves protestion of high rise or large scale buildings.
• Fire pumps shall be approved and shall deliver not less that the required water flow  and pressure.  Such pumps shall be supplied with adequate power source and shall be automatic in operation.

• FIRE  HOSE CABINETS:
• Each wet standpipe outlet shall be supplied with a hose not less than thirty eight (38) mm in diameter.  Such hose shall be equipped with approved variable type nozzle.  An approved hose reel rack or cabinet shall be provided and shall be located so as to make it accessible.  The hose reel rack or cabinet shall be recessed to the wall or protected by suitable cabinets.

• FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM (FDAS):
• Every building shall have an electrically supervised and maintained automatic fire detection and alarm system capable of being manually operated in accordance with Fire Code.  It shall be installed with provision for connection to the nearest Fire Service Station in the locality.  Internal audible and visual alarm device shall be provided.  Pre signal systems shall not be permitted in institutional occupancies.
• The system shall be installed in all corridors of hospitals, nursing homes, residential custodial care facilities in accordance with the applicable standards of NFPA 2001 Pamphlet No. 71 or 72, but in no case smoke detectors be spaced further apart than nine (9) meters on center or more than four and six-tenths (4.6) meters from any wall  and electrically inter-connected to the fire alarm system.

• PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
• An approved and appropriate type of portable and wheeled type fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the Fire Code.

• SERVICE ROOMS:
• Dietary, canteen, laboratory, laundry/linen, sterilization, carpentry shops, woodworking shops, motor pools, cooking/heating/burning areas where open flames are being used, other high hazard rooms where materials are highly flammable, combustible, explosive, radio active, corrosive chemicals, compressed air/ oxygen or gases are kept or stored shall be located on separate areas or buildings.  They shall be constructed of fire resistive construction materials.  Approved and appropriate type of automatic and manual fire suppression equipment, fire detection and alarm system shall also be provided and interconnected with the fire alarm system of the building.
• LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) cylinders/ tanks:
• They shall be kept or stored outside building premises with proper concrete segregation, ventilation, cooling/ fire suppression system and be provided with a device that will be automatically shut-off the supply of gas in case of leakage or other troubles and gas leak detector with alarm interconnected to the fire alarm system of the building.

• SEPTIC TANKS/ SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS:
• Shall be located away from any building.  Shall not be constructed on basement or under any building and shall be maintained properly.

• FIRE COATS, HELMETS, BOOTS, and other Fire Fighting equipment.
• Members of the fire brigade team shall be provided with proven safe fire coats, helmets, boots, hand gloves while conducting rescue or fire and other emergency operations.  Gears and other equipment such as but not limited to ropes, ceiling hooks, spare fire hoses, sprinklers, portable fire extinguishers, self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and tanks, flashlights with fresh batteries, two-way radios with chargers, building plans/ floor plans shall be kept in an approved emergency bin or cabinet and be used exclusively during fire/ emergencies only.

• PLANS, DESIGNS, SPECIFICATIONS:
• The plans, design or specifications of the proposed building to be constructed, repaired, renovated, altered, modified and changed in use shall be referred also to other proper local government agency/ unit for their comment and recommendation as follows:
• City Building Official as to National Building Code requirements .
• City/ Municipal Fire Marshal as to Fire Code requirement .
• City Electrician/ Electrical Division as to Electrical Code.
• Engineering/ Industrial Safety Division as to Mechanical Code.
• Sanitary/ Plumbing Official as to Sanitary Code.
• Environmental or Pollution Management Office as environment protection and management requirements.
• Other regulating and safety enforcement agencies/ units.
• Note: 
• Even government projects are not exempted from securing the proper permits/ certificates. Payment of fees due may be exempted.

Darussalam Blogger: Health

Darussalam Blogger: Health: "PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE(Ref: Prof. Lester Packer - University of California) Courses in many medical schools all over the world conce..."

Prevention is better than cure

PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE

(Ref: Prof. Lester Packer - University of California)

Courses in many medical schools all over the world concentrate on how to cure the sick, while there are a few courses that teach how to maintain good health and prevent illness.

True or not?

A lot of people now realize the importance of preventive medicine.  Increasing awareness that can improve  defence against disease and by proper nutrition.

Is Vitamin E really effective in slowing down the ageing process ?

Scientific evidences show that Vitamin E protects against ageing and chronic and degenerative diseases such as coronary heart disease, arthritis and cataracts.  Vitamin C and E are now will known as anti-oxidants.  A lack of these vitamins cause the progress of diseases linked with age.  If the diet is included sufficiently the progress will be slower.

How early should one start taking Vitamin E ?

The earlier the better.  An average of 400mg perday is sufficient.
Vitamin E is found in plant materials including green and yellow leafy vegetables.  It is also found in certain plant oils like palm oil, coconut oil, barley oil and rice oil.  We don`t expect to live longer than we otherwise would, but at least to live better and more active life. Two components found on palm oil Vitamin E  i.e. tocotrienols and tocopherols are dietary essentials whose main function is to act as anti-oxidants that is, components that protect others from oxidation.  Of the two components tocotrienols seems more effective than tocopherols.

Free radicals are formed in the body during normal metabolic processes leading to the oxidation of the fatty acid component on the cell membrane.  The oxidative damage may consequently impair the proper functioning of these cells.

Vitamin E acts as an anti-oxidant, scavenging the free radicals and is hence hypothesised to play a protective role against cellular ageing atherosclerosis and cancer.

Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancer and the most common malignant cancer.  The incidence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the earth correlates with increased malignant and non-malignant melanoma.

The multi-step process of carcinogenesis and that molecular damage due to UV irradiation may be reduced by Vitamin E.  Vitamin E is also an important components of the lung`s defence against the injurious effects of smog,smoke and smoking.

Darussalam Blogger: Fire Safety of Hospitals.

Darussalam Blogger: Fire Safety of Hospitals.: "FIRE SAFETY OF HOSPITALS This article is base on manual guidelines provided during the workshop conducted at MOH with a topic on ``Hospitals..."